January 2014
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
November 2013
Disease Control Priorities, Antibiotic Resistance
Is Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Sequence Type 398 Confined to Northern Manhattan? Rising Prevalence of Erythromycin- and Clindamycin-Resistant MSSA Clinical Isolates in the United States.Read more
January 2012
Antibiotic Resistance
How can antibiotic dosing practices be optimized to both clear infections and minimize the development of antibiotic resistance?Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
This paper explores the problem of sequential exploitation of exhaustible resources by a monopolist, when a setup cost must be incurred to access the next pool. Under certain circumstances, the monopolist will always follow a more conservationist path of extraction and delay the introduction of new...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Environmental Health
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance
Background: No simple, cost-effective methods exist to identify patients at high risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization outside intensive care settings. Without such methods, colonized patients are entering hospitals undetected and...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
In recent decades, penicillin-resistant pneumococci (PRP) have emerged and spread rapidly between and within countries over the world. In this study we developed an iterative artificial neural network (ANN) model to describe and predict the spread of PRP in space and time as a function of...Read more
May 2010
Health and Development, Antibiotic Resistance
A stochastic model is proposed to explain one possible underlying mechanism of the postantibiotic effect (PAE). This phenomenon, of continued inhibition of bacterial growth after removal of the antibiotic drug, is of high relevance in the context of optimizing dosing regimens. One clinical...Read more
May 2010
Disease Control Priorities, Antibiotic Resistance
A multi-type branching process with varying environment was used to construct a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model that captures the postantibiotic effect (PAE) seen in bacterial populations after exposure of antibiotics. This phenomenon of continued inhibition of bacterial growth even...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Disease Control Priorities
Background: Institutions such as hospitals, prisons, and longterm care facilities have been identified as focal points for the transmission of emerging infections. Cost-effective control of these infections in large populations requires the identification of optimal subpopulations for targeted...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Health and Development
Directly transmitted infectious diseases spread through wildlife populations as travelling waves away from the sites of original introduction. These waves often become distorted through their interaction with environmental and population heterogeneities and by long-distance translocation of...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Antibiotic Resistance
OBJECTIVE: To assess the co-colonization rates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) obtained on active surveillance cultures.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) of a tertiary-...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
Rolling back malaria is possible. Tools are available but they are not used. Several countries deploy, as their national malaria control treatment policy, drugs that are no longer effective. New and innovative methods of vector control, diagnosis, and treatment should be developed, and work towards...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance
Objectives: The aim of this study was to use detailed weekly data on outpatient antibiotic sales for pre-school children in Sweden to test for the significance of trends during 1992-2002. We also report on the special features found in weekly antibiotic data, and how the interrupted time series (...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
Using data from an ongoing Swedish intervention project, the observed durations of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNSP) (MIC of penicillin G of [≥]0.5 {micro}g/ml) stratified by both pneumococcal serogroup and age of the carrier were compared...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Disease Control Priorities
We present the results of a contingent valuation survey eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions. The survey was self-administered using a computer by 930 persons in Hamilton Ontario aged 40 to 75. Visual and audio aides were used to enhance risk comprehension. Mean WTP...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
May 2010
Environmental Health, Antibiotic Resistance
When the application of pesticides placesselective evolutionary pressure on pestpopulations it can be useful to plant refugeareas: crop areas intended to encourage thebreeding of pests susceptible to the pesticide. Renewed interest in refuge areas has arisenwith recent advances in biotechnology...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance
The growing threat from resistant organisms calls for concerted action to prevent the emergence of new resistant strains and the spread of existing ones. Developing countries have experienced unfavourable trends in resistance-as detailed in part I, published last month--and implementation of many...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
From the 1920s to the 1970s, a large body of principles and evidence accumulated about the existence and character of [`]strains' among the Plasmodium species responsible for human malaria. An extensive research literature examined the degree to which strains were autonomous, stable biological...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic dosing regimens may vary in their capacity to select mutants. Our hypothesis was that selection of a more resistant bacterial subpopulation would increase with the time within a selective window (SW), i.e., when drug concentrations fall between the MICs of two strains. An in vitro...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Health and Development
Rabies is an important public health concern in North America because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. The costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
Smith and colleagues discuss evidence suggesting that antibiotic use in agriculture has contributed to antibiotic resistance in the pathogenic bacteria of humans.Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
Infectious diseases are continuing to threaten humankind. While some diseases have been controlled, new diseases are constantly appearing. Others are now reappearing in forms that are resistant to drug treatments. A capacity for continual re-adaptation furnishes pathogens with the power to escape...Read more
May 2010
Environmental Health, Antibiotic Resistance
Infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in hospitalized patients are becoming increasingly frequent despite extensive infection-control efforts. Infections with ARB are most common in the intensive care units of tertiary-care hospitals, but the underlying cause of the increases may be a...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
Malaria is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. The fact that some people are bitten more often than others has a large effect on the relationship between risk factors and prevalence of vector-borne diseases1, 2, 3. Here we develop a mathematical framework that allows us to...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic use is known to promote the development of antibiotic resistance, but substantial controversy exists about the impact of agricultural antibiotic use (AAU) on the subsequent emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among humans. AAU for animal growth promotion or for treatment or...Read more
May 2010
Environmental Health, Antibiotic Resistance
The increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance in hospital-acquired infections is a major public health concern that has both biological and economic causes. Here we develop conceptual mathematical models that couple the economic incentives and population biology of hospital infection control (...Read more
