January 2014
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
November 2012
Malaria, Malaria
October 2012
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
Has AMFm been effective? How will it continue in the future?Read more
October 2012
Malaria, Antibiotic Resistance
What broad-based economic solutions could help fight the growing threat of antibiotic resistance?Read more
April 2012
Malaria, Malaria
Why have there been so many historical failures to maintain gains in malaria control?Read more
November 2011
Malaria, Antibiotic Resistance
This article develops a method for aggregating bacterial resistance to multiple antibiotics, creating a drug resistance index comparable to the composite economic indices that measure consumer prices and stock market values.Read more
January 2011
Health and Development, Malaria
October 2010
Malaria, Malaria
Has the number of malaria deaths in India been substantially underestimated?Read more
August 2010
Malaria, Malaria
There is strong evidence to support the implementation of multiple first-line therapies (MFTs) to delay the evolution of anti-malarial drug resistance, particularly given the uncertainty about timeline for the emergence of such resistance.Read more
June 2010
Malaria, Antibiotic Resistance
This brief highlights the strong link between flu and antibiotic prescription. According to recent research, from 1995 through 2002, 26 percent of patientsjust over one-quarter of themwho were diagnosed with flu were prescribed antibiotics. And that excludes people whose diagnosis could plausibly...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Health and Development
Vibrio cholerae in O-group 139 was first isolated in 1992 and by 1993 had been found throughout the Indian subcontinent. This epidemic expansion probably resulted from a single source after a lateral gene transfer (LGT) event that changed the serotype of an epidemic V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain to...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Environmental Health
Setting action levels or limits for health protection is complicated by uncertainty in the dose-response relation across a range of hazards and exposures. To address this issue, we consider the classic newsboy problem. The principles used to manage uncertainty for that case are applied to two...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
Population-wide use of multiple first-line therapies (MFT) against malaria yields a better clinical outcome than using a single therapy or a cycling strategy where therapies are rotated. MFT strategies also delay the emergence and slow the fixation of resistant strains.Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
Malaria has long been a scourge to humans. The exceptionally high mortality in some regions has led to strong selection for resistance, even at the cost of increased risk of potentially fatal red blood cell deformities in some offspring. In particular, genes that confers resistance to malaria when...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
The evolution of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum against safe and affordable drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is a major global health threat. Investigating the dynamics of resistance against these antimalarial drugs will lead to approaches for addressing the...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
Background: The efficient allocation of financial resources for malaria control using appropriate combinations of interventions requires accurate information on the geographic distribution of malaria risk. An evidence-based description of the global range of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
BACKGROUND: Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum that confer resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs have spread throughout the world from a few independent foci, all located in areas that were likely characterized by low or unstable malaria transmission. One of the striking differences between...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
Living in malaria-endemic regions places an economic burden on households even if they do not actually suffer an episode of malaria. Households living in endemic malarial regions are less likely to have access to economic opportunities and may have to modify agricultural practices and other...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
We use analytical and numerical models to explain and quantify the welfare effects of subsidies for artemisinin combination treatments (ACTs), a valuable new class of antimalarial drugs. There are two (second-best) efficiency rationales for such subsidies: by expanding drug use, they reduce...Read more
May 2010
Disease Control Priorities, Malaria
Background.Clinical symptoms of mixed?species malaria infections have been variously reported as both less severe and more severe than those of single?species infections. Methods.Oral temperatures were taken from and blood slides were prepared for 2308 adults who presented at outpatient malaria...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
From the 1920s to the 1970s, a large body of principles and evidence accumulated about the existence and character of [`]strains' among the Plasmodium species responsible for human malaria. An extensive research literature examined the degree to which strains were autonomous, stable biological...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
Two expert research microscopists, each blinded to the other's reports, diagnosed single-species malaria infections in 2,141 adults presenting at outpatient malaria clinics in Tak Province, Thailand, and Iquitos, Peru, in MayAugust 1998, May July 1999, and MayJune 2001. Plasmodium vivax...Read more
May 2010
Health and Development, Malaria
May 2010
Malaria, Antibiotic Resistance
BACKGROUND: Inappropriate antibiotic use is generally considered to be the primary cause of antibiotic resistance in the community. Multiple economic factors, at the level of physicians, patients, healthcare organizations, and pharmaceutical companies, foster poor antibiotic use.OBJECTIVE: To...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
The classic formulae in malaria epidemiology are reviewed that relate entomological parameters to malaria transmission, including mosquito survivorship and age-at-infection, the stability index (S), the human blood index (HBI), proportion of infected mosquitoes, the sporozoite rate, the...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
A common assumption about malaria, dengue, and other mosquito-borne infections is that the two main components of the risk of human infectionthe rate at which people are bitten (human biting rate) and the proportion of mosquitoes that are infectiousare positively correlated. In fact, these two risk...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
Malaria is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. The fact that some people are bitten more often than others has a large effect on the relationship between risk factors and prevalence of vector-borne diseases1, 2, 3. Here we develop a mathematical framework that allows us to...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
BACKGROUND: The Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR) is a commonly reported index of malaria transmission intensity. PfPR rises after birth to a plateau before declining in older children and adults. Studies of populations with different age ranges generally report average PfPR, so age is an...Read more
May 2010
Malaria, Malaria
The prospects for the success of malaria control depend, in part, on the basic reproductive number for malaria, R0. Here, we estimate R0 in a novel way for 121 African populations, and thereby increase the number of R0 estimates for malaria by an order of magnitude. The estimates range from around...Read more
May 2010
Antibiotic Resistance, Malaria
Background: Malaria vaccines based on the 19-kDa region of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-119) derived from the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum are being tested in clinical trials in Africa. Knowledge of the distribution and natural dynamics of vaccine antigen polymorphisms in populations in...Read more
